explain what Prometheus means by freedom and why he values it :: essays research papers

Prometheus says that â€Å"to be free, a man must be free of his brothers.† By reference to the story, explain what Prometheus means by freedom and why he values it. In what significant ways is freedom non-existent in the society from which he escapes – and what are the consequences of that lack of freedom?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Ayn Rand’s Anthem, Prometheus says that â€Å"to be free, a man must be free of his brothers.† Freedom is a concept totally forbidden in the society in Anthem. Prometheus is given consequences for acting free. The society sees anything different as being a transgression. Maybe, since Prometheus was taller than normal, He thought of things differently. What does Prometheus mean by the word â€Å"freedom?† He means being an individual, and relying on oneself to think and do. He sees freedom as a great thing but knows it is a transgression. He asks himself and wonders why, even though it is a transgression to think by ones self. Freedom as Prometheus sees it, is like when he creates his invention by himself, or when he talks to the â€Å"Golden One† and they exchange names for eachother. When he runs away to the unchartered forest he feels happy and doesn’t know what to do when he wakes up that first day. In Ayn Rand’s Anthem freedom is non existent. People’s actions must involve the society. People are not allowed to think for themselves. To act on your own would be a great transgression. Equality, secretly, works on his invention, knowing, of course, that if caught he and his invention would be destroyed. Freedom in this society is, although forbidden, is like being an individual. This is what Prometheus likes about the â€Å"Golden One,† the fact that she is like an individual. The lack of freedom in this society causes Prometheus to do what he does. It gives Prometheus problems, for example, throughout his life he was treated differently b/c he was tall. In this society being tall was a transgression b/c it was different and they didn’t like that. The consequences of being different were great. He is punished for working on his invention, not b/c it was a bad idea, but b/c the members of the Council of Scholars thought that he had â€Å"dared †¦ to think that his mind held greater wisdom than the minds of his brothers.

Drugs that can relieve depression

Drugs that can alleviate depression Introduction Drugs such as Paxil, Zoloft, and Prozac can alleviate depression by increasing the degrees of both norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. However, repeated cardiovascular exercising such as running can besides assist relieve depression ( Myers, 2001 ) . Yet, these interventions may merely work temporarily. Deep encephalon stimulation is a radical technology-electrodes are implanted in the encephalon and attached to a battery in the thorax that emits low-tension electrical currents-that promises to be an of import tool for relieving human agony ( Talan, 2009 ) . More than 40,000 patients around the universe have undergone deep encephalon stimulation. Most have experienced singular betterment, and intelligence of the successes has been reported widely. Yet between the encephalon and device are ambuscades and challenges less frequently captured, and they are important to a clearer apprehension of what physicians and scientists mean by a â€Å" discovery † ( Talan, 2009 ) . Medical Electricity History It is amazing to observe that worlds have possessed the ability to use electricity to impact a individual ‘s province of head: in the text of if they are active or inactive. What is even more dumbfounding is the fact that electricity has really been used for a long clip. Literature dictates the fact that a physician from Rome used the unconditioned electricity from certain types of fish to assist comfort trouble off ( Kuhfeld, 1995 ) . Furthemore, scientists such as Benjamin Franklin have besides experimented with electricity. Hence, society is cognizant of how electricity can aide us in the medical field ; we know merely how blameworthy it is. However, scientists lack the cognition of lawfully cognizing how the electricity is able to effectual and if it is a safe path to travel to. History of Deep Brain Stimulation One of the first dramatic associations between depression and Parkinson ‘s emerged rather by accident. In 2001, a Gallic doctor and scientist, Yves Agid, reported in the New England Journal of Medicine that electrical stimulation of the subthalamic karyon by chance turned on nearby nervus fibres that connect to the limbic system, the web of encephalon countries that control temper. In one patient with Parkinson ‘s disease, deep encephalon stimulation triggered an overpowering feeling of unhappiness and desperation. It went off when the stimulator was turned off. A CAT scan showed that the electrode was located near to the subthalamic karyon, really in the substantia nigger ( Talan, 2009 ) . Historically DBS has been found most effectual against hurting, depression, and symptoms of Parkinson ‘s disease, including shudder and dystonia. The curative marks are really similar to, and seem to be fueled by the earlier consequences of medical electricity ( Talan, 2009 ) . Medical electricity, at the heals of DBS, appears to the be at the threshold of a medical discovery ( Kringelbach, Jenkinson, & A ; Owen, 2007 ) . Causes of Depression ( Biological Perspective ) Familial Influences It is known that temper upsets, peculiarly major depressive upset, runs in households. If one ‘s akin or parent has been depressed, one is more susceptible to undertaking the upset by genetic sciences. Genes act by directing biochemical events that, down the line, influence behaviour ( Myers, 2001 ) . Although the existent cistron has non yet been isolated, multiple surveies corroborate this fact such as the instance survey of Charles Whitman. Both his male parent and gramps experienced drawn-out periods of major depressive upset, therefore accounting genetic sciences from the male side of his household tree for his exhibition of depression at an early age. This would finally burgeon into him floging out his desperation onto others by the agencies of slaughter at the UT tower in Austin, Texas ( Lavergne, 1998 ) . Depressed Brain Depression is caused by a chemical instability of the neurotransmitters-messenger molecules that transport signals to the nervus cells. Serotonin affects temper, hungriness, slumber and rousing. Norepinephrine helps command watchfulness and rousing. Both norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine are scarce during depression. When low, they wholly alter the encephalon chemical science ( Myers, 2001, p.550 ) . [ 1 ] Partss of the Brain Are Affected The limbic constructions [ 2 ] that modulate temper provender into the frontal cerebral mantle, the striate body, the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the encephalon root. These parts talk to one another all the clip ; therefore, jobs in the circuit could take to hard thought, attending, temper, and behaviour. Scientists found that these circuits-particularly a overactive web of encephalon cells in the subjenual cingulated part, besides called the Brodmann country 25-are abnormally hyperactive in people with depression. Amygdala In the limbic system, two amygdaliform nervous bunchs, called the amygdaloid nucleus, influence aggression and fright. Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Although it is non unequivocal that both of these constructions have a direct correlativity to major depressive upset, since both of these constructions deal with endocrine degrees it is noted that when these degrees are increased, a down province in maintained for a longer sum of clip ( Harvard Medical School, 2007 ) . How Nerve cells Communicate Signals reach a nerve cell ‘s axon terminal, and from at that place, the message is relayed to the designated country of the organic structure from that axon ( Myers, 2001 ) . As stated antecedently, both norepinephirne and 5-hydroxytryptamine are significantly low in down patients. [ 3 ] ( Carter, 1998 ; Myers, 2001 ) . Treatments of Major Depressive Disorder ( Biological Perspective ) Particular drugs such as Paxil, Zoloft, and Prozac can alleviate depression by barricading their re-uptake therefore increasing the degrees of both norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. However, repeated cardiovascular exercising such as running releases endorphins and increases the sum of 5-hydroxytryptamine the blood stream that besides helps relieve depression ( Myers, 2001 ) . Yet, these interventions may merely work temporarily for some sick persons. Since leukotomies are no longer practiced, persons with major depressive upset merely abide by his or her medicine modus operandi or can undergo VNS ( vagus nervus stimulation ) is combined with the cardinal construct of deep encephalon stimulation to breathe electrical currents to the ventromedial cerebral mantle, the centre to a great extent involved in positive support and feelings of pleasance ( Talan, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Helen Mayberg, a adult female who has pioneered functional function of the down encephalon at the University of Texas Health Sciences Center in San Antonio and John Hopkins University School of Medicine, she has realized that interventions take different route within the encephalon, but they finally arrive at the same reference. That is why people with depression could acquire better many different ways, even with a placebo pill ( Talan, 2009 ) . Stimulating the web of the limbic system affects motive, societal interaction, the ability to see pleasance and anxiousness. One frequently hears people say that the room looks brighter, that a weight has lifted, when the simulators are tested during the surgery of deep encephalon stimulation ( Talan, 2009 ) . When interventions work, the activity of the limbic system webs appears to return to normal. It makes sense that the so many encephalon countries are involved in depression, which is non merely negative temper. Peoples lose their motive to acquire out of bed, to work, to love. They have jobs paying attending and believing clearly. Their feeding and kiping spiels â€Å" are manner off-kitler † ( Talan, 2009, p. 82 ) . How Deep Brain Stimulation Works The basic thought behind deep encephalon stimulation and how it operates is by engrafting electrodes into the encephalon near the subthalamic karyon, and so engrafting a battery in the thorax of the patient. By making so, the sawbones can externally command the battery to breathe peculiar electromotive forces of pulsations the encephalon so it can, hopefully, aim the encephalon where it is most affected. Although in some patients it is necessary to replace the battery every six months since it is hard to find the right battery accustomed for each patient, the success rate is swimmingly above 50 per centum, therefore demoing outstanding possible and procedure in the distant hereafter. Case Study of Deanna Cole-Benjamin Deanna Cole-Benjamin, a public wellness nurse, was the 6th patient at the University of Toronto to undergo deep encephalon stimulation for terrible and grim depression. Virtually every antidepressant on the market, every bit good as 80 unit of ammunitions of electroconvulsive therapy therapy, had failed her. â€Å" It was worse than being dead in a manner † ( Talan, 2009, p. 83 ) said Cole-Benjamin. Her self-destructive ideas and actions had led to four old ages in and out of the Kingston Psychiatric Hospital. Cole-Benjamin was so deeply ill that she could hardly speak. When the sawbones who operated on her turned up the device to excite the first contact, nil happened. When he turned up the stimulation more, the patient described a brighter feeling. When he turned it off, she fell rather once more and thought possibly it was merely her imaginativeness ( Talan, 2009 ) . Within a few hebdomads, the symptoms that had plagued Cole-Benjamin for four old ages were significantly decreased. Before her surgery, she told her sawbones that she wanted to be able to embrace her kids and to experience their heat and love. Finally, after twelvemonth of concealing under her screens, she could embrace her kids and experience deep pleasance ( Talan, 2009 ) . Case Study of Melissa Murphy Depression had landed in Murphy ‘s life with no warning two twelvemonth earlier, when the merrily married and successful public dealingss executive got up from her desk on a warm summer afternoon, walked out of her office, and ne'er returned. She went place and cried, and she had no thought why. Other than for an occasional physician ‘s assignment, she did non lavish or dress for the outside universe for months. Her hubby, Scott, had taken a occupation in Boston and she had remained in Chicago. For a piece, she kept up visual aspect on the phone with Scott. Deeply, distressingly depressed, she remained in this asleep province until October, when Scot traveled to Chicago, packed her up, and moved her back E ( Talan, 2009 ) . By so, Murphy ‘s weight had dropped below one hundred lbs. Neither the healers he saw four times a hebdomad nor all the medical specialty she took for months on terminal helped her. Recognizing how bad things truly were, her household arranged for her to undergo electroconvulsive therapy therapy, but despite 17 sessions-to both sides of the brain- † Nothing made a dent † ( Talan, 2009, p. 86 ) Murphy recalled. Finally she became self-destructive. One twenty-four hours she swallowed an full month ‘s supply of the anti-anxiety drug Konopin. She would fire herself with coffin nails to see what if felt like. She took kitchen knives to cut her carpuss ( Talan, 2009 ) . By the clip Murphy showed up at Dougherty ‘s office, she had been treated by six other head-shrinkers. He looked at a sum-up of all interventions and thought about seeking vagus nervus stimulation, which late had been approved for treatment-resistant depression. The pneumogastric nervus starts at the encephalon root and descends to the cervix, thorax, and venters. It helps in feeling aortal blood force per unit area, decelerating bosom rate, exciting digestive variety meats, and pull offing gustatory sensation. Studies show that the nervus undertakings to some countries of the encephalon associated with depression, and for still unexplained grounds, exciting it seems to raise temper in about a 3rd of patients. Surgeons thread a wire into the cervix, wrap it around the nervus, and connect the wire to a battery-operated pacesetter in the thorax. However, she was excessively ill for even vagus nervus stimulation ( Talan, 2009 ) . Potato became the 10th patient to undergo deep encephalon stimulation in the Cleveland, Brown, and Harvard coaction ( Talan, 2009 ) . Three hebdomads after the operation, Greenberg turned on the batteries and began programming the device. Melissa Murphy laughed for the firs clip in old ages. During Murphy ‘s scheduling with Greenberg, she remembers experiencing a haste of warm blood throughout her organic structure right before she laughed. When the stimulator was turned off, the heat was gone ( Talan, 2009 ) . Programing is portion art, portion scientific discipline. Murphy ‘s initial scene was four Vs on each side, and it was subsequently increased to eight Vs. The alteration was slow and steady, and the battery seemed to necessitate altering every six moths-each alteration intending another twenty-four hours of surgery to open up Murphy ‘s thorax and faux pas in a new hitter ( Talan, 2009 ) . Deep encephalon stimulation turned out to be something less than the instant remedy that Murphy hoped it would be. â€Å" I thought one time they turned it on I would be better right manner, but it has take a batch longer than I thought † ( Talan, 2009, p.89 ) Murphy said. She still has great hard with concentration, memory, and believing clearly. Doctors kept records of these symptoms because it was possible that they were side effects of the device itself ( Talan, 2009 ) . Decision The human encephalon has a long history of entering memory and temper, and it will take more than merely one chink of a button and a bend of a dial to acquire people better. Therefore, it is non yet clear what deep encephalon stimulation is really making at the web degree. Mayberg believes that this depression web is hyperactive, but squads of scientists have shown that stimulation activates end product from the encephalon web involved in depression. Harmonizing to Jerry Vitek, soon at the Cleveland Clinic, stimulation non merely activates the end product from the stirred construction but besides changes the form of neural activity from a noisy, helter-skelter signal to a more regular 1. Vitek believes that this may be the key to how it works, but notes that much remains to be done to understand the effects on the web and how it may alter with long-run stimulation. In 2008, deep encephalon stimulation for depression was still really much an experimental process, and the mechanisms underlying the clinical alteration in patients remained a enigma. Extra old ages of surveies and punctilious analysis of the consequences are necessary to reason a definite consequence so DBS can finally assist some of the patients whom head-shrinkers have been unable to handle conventionally. [ 1 ] Appendix B depicts a Favored scan of the difference between a down and normal encephalon. [ 2 ] Appendix C is a labelled image of the Basal Ganglia, which includes limbic system. [ 3 ] Appendix F shows the different tracts Dopastat and serotonin return in the encephalon.

Serial Killer Edward Gein

When police went to Ed Geins Plainfield, Wisconsin, farm to investigate the disappearance of a local woman, they had no idea they would discover some of the most grotesque crimes ever committed. Gein and an accomplice had been robbing graves to find bodies for his experiments, but he decided he needed fresher corpses and began killing and dismembering women. The Gein Family Ed, his older brother, Henry, his father, George, and his mother, Augusta, lived on a  farm a few miles outside Plainfield. George was an alcoholic, and Augusta, a religious fanatic, was a demanding and overbearing woman. She loathed George, but due to her deep religious beliefs, divorce wasnt an option. Augusta had run a small grocery store until she purchased the farm. She picked it because it was secluded and she wanted to keep outsiders  from influencing her sons. The boys left the farm only for school, and Augusta blocked their attempts to have friends. As far back as Ed could remember, Augusta either delegated farm work for the boys or quoted the Gospel. She labored to teach them about sin, especially the evils of sex and women. Ed was small and  appeared effeminate. He often laughed randomly, as if at his own jokes, which resulted in bullying. In 1940, when Ed was 34, George died as a result of his alcoholism. Four years later Henry died while fighting a fire. Ed was now responsible for the welfare of his domineering mother, tending to her until her death in 1945. Ed, now alone, sealed off all but one room and the kitchen of the farmhouse. He no longer worked the farm after the government began paying him under a soil conservation program. Local handyman jobs subsidized his income. Fantasy of Sex and Dismemberment Ed stayed to himself, spending hours obsessed with sexual fantasy and reading about female anatomy. Human experiments performed in Nazi camps also fascinated him. As his mental images of sex and dismemberment merged, Ed reached gratification. He told Gus, another loner and longtime friend, about experiments he wanted to perform, but he needed bodies, so together they began robbing graves, including that of Eds mother. Over ten years, experiments with the corpses became more gruesome and bizarre, including  necrophilia and cannibalism. Ed then returned the corpses to their graves, except for parts he kept as trophies. His obsession centered  on his overpowering desire to turn himself into a woman. He constructed items from womens skin that he could drape on himself, such as female masks and breasts. He even made a body-size female-like jumpsuit. Mary Hogan Grave robbing was his  only source of bodies until Ed decided that perfecting his sex change required fresher corpses. On Dec. 8, 1954, Ed killed tavern owner Mary Hogan. Police couldnt solve her disappearance, but evidence at the tavern indicated foul play. Gus wasnt involved in the murder, having been  institutionalized beforehand. Bernice Worden On Nov. 16, 1957, Ed entered  Bernice Wordens  hardware store, a place he had been  hundreds of times, so Bernice had no reason to fear him, even when he removed a .22 rifle from the display rack. After putting his own bullet into the rifle, Ed shot  Bernice, placed her body into the store truck, returned to get the cash register, and drove to his home. An investigation into  Bernices disappearance began after her son, Frank, a deputy sheriff, returned late that afternoon from a hunting trip and discovered his mother missing and blood on the floor of the store.  Although Ed had no criminal history, Waushara County Sheriff Art  Schley felt it was time to visit the  odd loner. Unfathomable Crimes Uncovered Police found Ed near his home, then went to his farmhouse hoping to find Bernice. They started with the shed. Working in the dark, Waushara County sheriff Art  Schley lit a torch and found Bernices naked corpse hanging upside down, disemboweled, the throat and head missing. Turning to Eds house, they found evidence  more horrific than anyone could have imagined. Everywhere they saw body parts: skulls made into bowls, jewelry made from human skin, hanging lips, chairs upholstered with human skin, facial skin that resembled masks, and a box of vulvas including his mothers, painted silver. The body parts, it was later determined, came from 15 women; some could never be identified. Wordens mothers heart was found in a pan on the stove. Ed  was committed to  Waupun State Mental Hospital for the rest of his life. It was revealed that he killed older women because of his love-hate feelings for his mother. He died of cancer at 78, and his remains were buried in his family plot in Plainfield. Ed Geins crimes as a serial killer inspired the film characters  Norman Bates (Psycho), Jame Gumb (The Silence of the Lambs) and Leatherface (Texas Chainsaw Massacre). Sources Deviant: The Shocking True Story of Ed Gein, by Harold Schechter

The Psychological Disorder Of The American Psychiatric...

Reaction Paper Prepared by: Xiaoying Zhang Prepared for: Dr. Chapman Introduction The fifth edition released by the American Psychiatric Association concerning the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) was announced in May of 2013. This version differs because DSM-5 combines two disorders that have been previously identified in DSM-4, which are alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence, into one type of disorder. DSM-5 labels this as alcohol use disorder, or AUD, which is then further subdivided into three classifications: mild, moderate, and severe (Alcohol Use Disorder, 2015, p. 1). In this paper, I will discuss the psychological disorder of my uncle’s neighbor who is suffering from alcohol use disorder. For†¦show more content†¦28). This gives credence to AUD as a psychological disorder due to the attitudinal changes that can be evidenced as a result to consumption of alcohol. I have witnessed the effects of AUD firsthand in the person of Mr. Lee, who is my uncle’s neighbor and who lives in the same block where our family resides. He works at a local canning factory as a supervisor in the production area for more than three decades, and is generally always seen in the company of other Asians likewise employed in the said factory. Most probably in his middle forties, Lee is married and has three children aged 12, 8, and 4, who are all studying at a community school not far from our places of residence. Lee’s wife works as a janitress at a nearby small arcade that sells imported herbal goods, Asian massage services, an acupuncture clinic, and thrift shop. Generally, it is easy to perceive Lee as a normal family man belonging to the lower middle class whose only concern is in providing for the everyday needs of his wife and children, in terms of food, shelter and education. I can say that I know Lee quite closely because I often see him in the street or in one of his friends’ front lawn every time I go visit my uncle, which is only about 20-minute walk from my house. More so, my perception of Lee is supplemented by the stories my uncle tells me, which despite of somewhat being amusing for my uncle, is a bit unnerving on my part. In this respect, it had been mentioned in several

Right After The Fun Relaxing 1960’S And Excitement Of The

Right after the fun relaxing 1960’s and excitement of the american dream it all came crashing down in the 1970’s. Political distrust and economic unrest took its toll on the citizens of the United States and so they found refuge in the arts. With the Nixon watergate scandal, withdrawal from vietnam, inflation, the oil crisis, and increasing ‘slum’ areas the american dream began to fall apart, many people awoke to the idea that the United States was not as great as it supposedly was. Many activist groups sought change and people, especially the youth, took comfort in new art forms and ways of expression including disco, postmodern art and punk and grunge styles. Nixon built up a great reputation with the public pre-presidency; he made a†¦show more content†¦The outcome of the vietnam war made future politicians wary to become involved in foreign wars and this coupled with the aftermath of the watergate scandal created unrest and distrust towards key agencies involved in national security, such as the C.I.A. (Central Intelligence Agency) (Berkowitz, 2006, p.32). During the United States fall in vietnam there was other looming issues. The 1973 Arab oil embargo creating a scarcity of oil creating too much demand and strain on oil refineries. In the Arab-Israeli war in October of the same year the United States supported the Israelis, creating tension between Saudi Arabia and the States. Berkowitz (2006) states that they used their oil as a strategic weapon first increasing prices dramatically by 70% and then eventually completely cutting them off (p.64). The seventies saw a reversal of the economic problems in the 1930’s; as prices went up the demand for labour was supposed to increase as well to balance it out but instead it stayed stagnant. In 1975 unemployment rose to 8.5 and inflation was at a rate of 9.2 (Cowie, 2010, p.222). Creating a stagflation in the United States this drastically hurt lower income families, and lower to higher middle class citizens relying on oil daily. With the social difficulties and economic unrest the 1970’s marked the end of brutalist architecture. BrutalistShow MoreRelatedBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 PagesBRAND BUILDING BLOCKS Building Strong Brands: Why Is It Hard? It is not easy to build brands in today s environment. The brand builder who attempts to develop a strong brand is like a golfer playing on a course with heavy roughs, deep sand traps, sharp doglegs, and vast water barriers. It is difficult to score well in such conditions. 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Characteristics of the Ideal Teacher Free Essays

Unprofessional conduct entails characteristics that vary from the ethical conduct set and contrast the expectations of the profession. It may be in the form of words, behavior and in certain instances the beliefs of the person (Munje, 2018). Teachers are expected to be of good if not exemplary character because students more often seek to emulate them in terms of their words and action. We will write a custom essay sample on Characteristics of the Ideal Teacher or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to the teaching guidelines and teacher-class expectations, Mrs. Pettit had not committed any crime. This is the main reason as to why her contract was renewed. Her activity in class and interaction with students had been monitored and it was found out that she was a good teacher. As a teacher, she had been able to deliver on all the expected variables and give the students what was expected as per the curriculum. Conversely, the board still terminated her services and revoked her teaching license because she was deemed unfit to be a teacher. Ethics are moral principles that guide the actions and thought processes of a person; a person’s character is highly determined by their ethical considerations. The ethical conducts of teachers are clearly outlined and are expected to be adhered to in order to achieve an effective education system. One of the main code of ethics is that students matter the most (Munje, 2018). The way in which a teacher and the entire teaching body present themselves to the students should have the characters that they hope the students will emulate.Fairness is key in these characters and the board was fair for dismissing the teacher since she had a record and was no longer a good example to the students. The ethical considerations of any institution are based on the rule of law; no one is to be held above the law. In the 1960s, it was considered a crime for a person to engage in oral copulation which Mrs. Pettit pled guilty to. The law of the land always determines the ethics of the different organizations and when she broke the law of the land and admitted to it, she became unfit for the teaching profession. What Mrs. Pettit was doing in her personal life had found a way of spilling to the public and not only was it illegal, having such a person as a teacher is setting up the students to believing that it is okay to break the law. Students are more likely to emulate her especially since such legal proceedings were public and anyone could easily have access to them (Munje, 2018). With such a history and a public record, it would be impossible for Mrs. Pettit to fully achieve the expectations of a teacher and meet the standards that teachers are supposed to set for their students. This is the main reason why the board and the court dismissed her appeals to continue in the profession; it was a way of protecting the younger generation. Sodomy law, which is a law that forbade oral sex and termed it to be punishable by law, was one of the hardest cases to proof (Asal ; Sommer, 2016). This is because some of these instances would occur in the confine of a person’s house and it is not easy to get access to private homes. The only reason Mrs. Pettit was caught is because she would engage in it with many people and outside her home. If it was a matter of any other law being broken, the committee would have put her on probation for a significant period of time where she would be expected not to engage in such acts. However, given that such acts are not easy to determine their occurrence, probation was not an option, dismissal was deemed as the best. Sexual promiscuity and immorality in schools is not tolerated especially during the 1960s. Topics surrounding sexuality and sexual acts were only addressed in murmurs. Unlike today, where sex is used to sell even the most basic products, back in the 1960s, sex was not a topic to be addressed to many (Asal Sommer, 2016). Sexual promiscuity even for consenting adults was viewed as immoral and was not tolerated. This was the culture of the society and with this in mind, the teacher still went on to engage in it with different people and break the law while at it. Such a person was seen as unfit to be in close proximity with children as it may not be clear what else she can be ready to do. According to Munje, 2018, pedophiles and perverts who prey on younger children are usually people they trust and they never expect it from them. The teacher admitted to being guilty of immoral sexual exploits, the board was being cautious by dismissing the teacher because they were chances she may try to engage with students on such and the parents would have blamed the school for having failed to take the necessary actions to protect the students. The preventive measure was the best option in this case and was ethically justified. Ethics are aimed at protecting the people, promoting proper coordination and allowing the continuity of the culture. The teacher was dismissed not because she was not fulfilling her teacher-related responsibilities but because her moral and ethical standards were questionable and had been proven to be so in a court of law (Munje, 2018). The culture at that time viewed oral copulation as immoral and by extension illegal, the dismissal of the teacher was a form of punishment for her immorality while the fine was her punishment for the criminal act. The action was to deter other teachers from engaging in such acts as it would render them out of work while making students understand the intensity of the matter. It also protected the student from what they would have been exposed to had the teacher continued to teach them. This is especially because at times students ask teachers questions unrelated to school work and are bound to heed the advice given. Finally, teachers are expected to create an environment that fosters learning and positivity (Munje, 2018). This includes having good relationships with the parents and other colleagues. With such a public record that revolved around such a sensitive issue in the society, parents were bound to complain about her and want to take their children out of her class. This would greatly affect the teaching environment in her classes and in the school in general. Ethically, her personal decisions will impact the expectations of the educational institution. 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Demonstration of Gasoline Engine Performance

Question: Explain some points which are as follows:(1) Draw a schematic diagram for the setup of the test system (2) Test Procedure: (a) Fix the engine speed at 2000 rpm, then gradually increase the engine torque output from 60 Nm to 140 Nm with a step of 20 Nm. Task: Record raw data, then fill required results in the table below after necessary calculations; Plot results into appropriate graph. Torque (Nm) Fuel flow* rate (g/s) Power (kW) BSFC** (g/kW.hr) Energy Efficiency Exhaust Temperature (ËÅ ¡C) 60 80 100 120 140 *Take the average reading of 10 seconds; **BSFC Brake Specific Fuel Consumption. (b) Fix the torque at 80 Nm, then increase engine speed from 1800 rpm to 3000 rpm (or from 2100 rpm to 3300 rpm) with a step of 300 rpm. Task: Record raw data, then fill required results in the table below after necessary calculations; Plot results into appropriate graph. Speed (rpm) Fuel flow* rate (g/s) Power (kW) BSFC** (g/kW.hr) Energy Efficiency Exhaust Temperature (ËÅ ¡C) 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 3300 *Take the average reading of 10 seconds; **BSFC Brake Specific Fuel Consumption. (3) Discussion of relations between various operating and performance parameters (4) Conclusions Answer: (1) Schematic diagram for the setup of the test system Test System Engine Dynamometer Shaft Flywheel Exhaust pipe Dynamometer control unit Gas analyzer Fuel measurement system (2) Test Procedure (a)Fix the engine speed at 2000 rpm, then gradually increase the engine torque output from 60 Nm to 140 Nm with a step of 20 Nm. Task: Record raw data, then fill required results in the table below after necessary calculations; Plot results into appropriate graph. Torque (Nm) Fuel flow* rate (g/s) Power (kW) BSFC** (g/kW.hr) Energy Efficiency Exhaust Temperature (ËÅ ¡C) 60 1.410 753600 1.871 x 10 -6 0.01214 80 1.650 1004800 1.642 x 10 -6 0.01384 100 1.940 1256000 1.544 x 10 -6 0.01471 120 2.130 1507200 1.413 x 10 -6 0.01608 140 2.480 1758400 1.410 x 10 -6 0.01611 (*Take the average reading of 10 seconds; **BSFC Brake Specific Fuel Consumption.) Graph 1 : Graph for Torque Vs. Power Graph 2: Graph for Torque Vs. Energy Efficiency Graph 3: Graph for Power Vs. Energy Efficiency (b)Fix the torque at 80 Nm, then increase engine speed from 1800 rpm to 3000 rpm(or from 2100 rpm to 3300 rpm) with a step of 300 rpm. Task: Record raw data, then fill required results in the table below after necessary calculations; Plot results into appropriate graph. Speed (rpm) Fuel flow* rate (g/s) Power (kW) BSFC** (g/kW.hr) Energy Efficiency Exhaust Temperature (ËÅ ¡C) 1800 2100 1.715 1055040 1.625 x 10 -6 0.0139 2400 2.110 1205760 1.749 x 10 -6 0.0129 2700 2.430 1356480 1.791 x 10 -6 0.0126 3000 2.980 1507200 1.977 x 10 -6 0.0114 3300 3.530 1657920 2.129 x 10 -6 0.0106 *Take the average reading of 10 seconds; **BSFC Brake Specific Fuel Consumption Graph 1 : Graph for. Power Vs. Energy Efficiency Graph 2 : Graph for Speed Vs. Power Graph 3 : Graph for Fuel Flow Vs. Power (3) DISCUSSION Relations between operating parameters and performance parametersGasoline engine is also termed as petrol engine. It consists of internal combustion engine having spark ignition. It is designed and developed to run with gasoline or petrol and other fuels. Petrol engines are usually run on the two stroke or four stroke cycle. There are many parameters existing with the function and performance of the gasoline engine. The important parameters are brake power, which is measured at the flywheel. Brake power is the actual mechanical power output related to the engine. Power output is slightly dependent on the energy value of the fuel that has been using, humidity and ambient air temperature. So, while testing, the engines are usually rated at 250C and humidity considered is 50%. There are many other parameters for the engine, like the speed of the engine, torque, power, fuel flow, brake specific fuel consumption or BSFC, energy efficiency and exhaust temperature. Exhaust temperature or exhaust gas temperature is an important parameter of the gasoline engine. It has significant role to the function of the catalytic converted related to the internal combustion engine. It is measured with the help of the exhaust gas temperature gauge. (4) Conclusion In the gasoline engine performance, the total energy efficiency is measured by taking the engine speed as a fixed parameter. Fuel flow is measured for the varied torque and the final energy efficiency is calculated. And apart from that, torque is kept as a constant value and fuel flow is measured for varied engine speeds. By considering the input and output parameters, the overall graph is plot and shown. So, the demonstration of gasoline engine performance experiment is completed considering multiple parameters and calculating the energy efficiency accordingly. References Ioannis Gravalos, Dimitrois Moshou, Theodoros Gialamas, Panagiotis Xyradakis, Dimitrois Kateris and Zisis Tsiropoulos, Performance and Emission Characteristics of Spark Ignition Engine Fuelled with Ethanol and methanol gasoline blended fuels, Chapter 7, Intech Open Science, viewed on January 2015, "https://www.intechopen.com/books/alternative-fuel/performance-and-emission-characteristics-of-spark-ignition-engine-fuelled-with-ethanol-and-methanol-"https://www.intechopen.com/books/alternative-fuel/performance-and-emission-characteristics-of-spark-ignition-engine-fuelled-with-ethanol-and-methanol- Standard Support and And Environmental Impact Statement, Volume 1: Stationary Internal Combustion Engines, EPA-450/2-78-125a, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1979